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This book§is devoted to the analysis of causal inference which is one of the most difficult tasks in data§analysis: when two phenomena are observed to be related, it is often difficult§to decide whether one of them causally influences the other one, or whether§these two phenomena have a common cause. This analysis is the main focus of§this volume.§§To get a§good understanding of the causal inference, it is important to have models of§economic phenomena which are as accurate as possible. Because of this need,§this volume also contains papers that use non-traditional economic models, such§as fuzzy models and models obtained by using neural networks and data mining§techniques. It also contains papers that apply different econometric models to§analyze real-life economic dependencies.§