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These studies examine the nature of the Ottoman Empire land-holding system and the extent to which large estates, the ciftlik, emerged as a reaction to the increasing Western European demand for Ottoman agricultural produce. The following section turns to military history, a subject well documented in the archives from which the author has drawn the material for his research. The author's concern is mainly with the logistics of Ottoman campaigns, the institutions and the powerful bureaucracy that supported these demands, and their socio-economic effects. The final pair of studies make use of census records to examine the position on non-Muslim groups - Greek, Armenian, and Jewish - in the 16th century.