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Do transnational standard initiatives (TSI) concerning labour rights in the apparel industry lead to effective solutions? TSIs try to find solutions for transboundary issues such as labour rights. These initiatives are becoming more and more important in the emerging global governance architecture. Actors from different societal sectors (state, business, civil society) can be involved. This work offers a theoretical framework for explaining their (in)effectiveness. The framework s implications are investigated empirically. Selected empirical cases are the Fair Wear Foundation (FWF) and the Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI). Sub-cases are Mammut Sports Group AG (FWF member) and Calida Bodywear AG (BSCI member). Data for the case study was collected by interviews with stakeholders in Switzerland and China (TSI-experts, companies, factories, NGOs) and from relevant documents (e.g. audit reports) provided by them. Data was analysed by a computer-aided content analysis. The empirical evidence supports many theoretical expectations, but also shows unexpected results.